Computer codes that numerically integrate in three dimensions the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations filtered over a grid volume much smaller than the size of the energy-containing eddies or wavelengths of turbulence. The solutions of these models consist of energy-containing large eddies that carry most of the turbulent fluxes. The net effect of small subgrid-scale eddies is treated as locally diffusive and dissipative, typically modeled based on inertial-subrange theory.